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Subject Perdicate? Calarco, an associate professor of sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, studies inequalities in family life and education. She is also the author of "Holding It Together: How Women Became America´s Safety Net," published last month. The Associated Press´ women in the workforce and state government coverage receives financial support from Pivotal Ventures. AP is solely responsible for all content.Find AP´s standards for working with philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org. CHICAGO (AP) - Compared with its economic peers, the United States lacks social safety net programs like sick time, vacation time and health care. For decades, American women have filled the gaps, to the detriment of themselves and their families, according to sociologist Jessica Calarco. In the U.S., we´ve instead tried to DIY society. We left it up to individual people to manage risk on their own, as opposed to allowing them to rely on a social safety net.
And in practice, that means keeping taxes low, especially on wealthy people and corporations, cutting regulations and really underinvesting in the kinds of time and resources that people would need to be able to participate more actively in care. But the problem is that we can´t actually DIY society. That´s too much risk for individuals and families to manage on their own. What I show in the book is that families and communities have been able to weather this shift in American policy primarily by relying on women to be the ones to hold it together.
In an interview with The Associated Press, Calarco discusses her book and explains why women in the U.S. bear the brunt of prohibitively expensive high-quality daycare, limited government assistance and inaccessible paid maternal leave in the wake of the pandemic and beyond. The interview has been edited for length and clarity. More than two-thirds of Americans´ unpaid caregiving work -- valued at $1 trillion annually -- is done by women, according to an analysis by the National Partnership for Women & Families based on 2023 data from the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. We saw this massive increase in women´s employment during the war. At the end of the war, those women almost universally wanted to keep their jobs - they wanted to stay in the paid workforce. But the easiest short term thing to do for the economy, once men were coming back and wanted their jobs back, was to push women back home. And this is not what many of our peer countries did. Other countries, like France, used this as a moment to completely restructure their economies, to build national permanent child care programs that allowed women to stay in the economy.
And then the other kind of unfortunate piece of the data ... is that women actually face a higher penalty for using things like remote work options than men do, because they´re assumed to be using it for child care or other types of caregiving reasons. They are discounted by their employers and penalized for taking these kinds of remote work options, passed over for opportunities for promotion, for example, and seen as less committed, even when men are taking the exact same opportunities.